Topic 6 – Democracy, state and citizenship

Section overview
This chapter examines the evolving concepts of democracy and citizenship beyond the traditional constraints of the state, exploring the potential for a new, inclusive, and pluralistic form of citizenship. Namely, traditional political science often frames democracy and citizenship within the rigid boundaries of the nation- state, equating citizenship with a static territorial identity. However, global interconnectedness and increasing influence of non-state actors demand a rethinking of these terms.
The chapter introduces concepts like “translocal citizenship,” emphasizing forms of political belonging and participation that transcend national boundaries, aligning more closely with the needs of a globalized world. Drawing on Boaventura de Sousa Santos’ idea of “equal differences,” this new citizenship balances equality with the recognition of diverse identities, rejecting universal citizenship models that homogenize individuals. Instead, “new citizenship” is rooted in local, municipal participation, allowing people to engage with their communities while acknowledging global ties.